Human Valvular Interstitial Cells (VICs), the predominant cellular constituents within the heart valve, are ubiquitously distributed across its three distinct layers: the fibrosa, spongiosa, and ventricularis. These cells fulfill a pivotal role in the maintenance of valvular structural integrity. In response to pathological stimuli, valve tissue exhibits a pronounced accumulation of VICs, often concomitant with the infiltration of inflammatory cells, neovascularization, heightened extracellular matrix deposition, and subsequent fibrosis and calcification. Morphologically, VICs exhibit a hybrid phenotype, displaying characteristics reminiscent of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, reflecting their multifaceted functional roles within the heart valve.
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